570 Wh kg⁻1 -Grade Lithium Metal Pouch Cell with 4.9V Highly Li+ Conductive Armor-Like Cathode Electrolyte Interphase via Partially Fluorinated Electrolyte Engineering.

Lithium-rich manganese-based layered oxides (LRMOs) are promisingly used in high-energy lithium metal pouch cells due to high specific capacity/working voltage. However, the interfacial stability of LRMOs remains challenging. To address this question, a novel armor-like cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI) model is proposed for stabilizing LRMO cathode at 4.9 V by exploring partially fluorinated electrolyte formulation. The fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) and tris (trimethylsilyl) borate (TMSB) in formulated electrolyte largely contribute to the formation of 4.9 V armor-like CEI with LiBx Oy and Lix POy Fz outer layer and LiF- and Li3 PO4 -rich inner part. Such CEI effectively inhibits lattice oxygen loss and facilitates the Li+ migration smoothly for guaranteeing LRMO cathode to deliver superior cycling and rate performance. As expected, Li||LRMO batteries with such electrolyte achieve capacity retention of 85.7% with high average Coulomb efficiency (CE) of 99.64% after 300 cycles at 4.8 V/0.5 C, and even obtain capacity retention of 87.4% after 100 cycles at higher cut-off voltage of 4.9 V. Meanwhile, the 9 Ah-class Li||LRMO pouch cells with formulated electrolyte show over thirty-eight stable cycling life with high energy density of 576 Wh kg-1 at 4.8 V.

Trends of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in an Urban and a Rural Area in China: A 10-Year Population-Based Molecular Epidemiological Study.

Objective: Drug resistance is the critical determinant for appropriate tuberculosis (TB) treatment regimens and an important indicator of the local TB burden. We aimed to investigate and compare trends in TB drug resistance in the urban Songjiang District of Shanghai from 2011 to 2020, and the rural Wusheng County of Sichuan Province from 2009 to 2020, to assess the effectiveness of local TB control and treatment programs. Methods: Whole-genome sequencing data of Mycobacterium tuberculosis were used to predict drug-resistance profiles and identify genomic clusters. Clustered, retreated cases of drug-resistant TB with identical resistance mutations, as well as all new resistant cases, were defined as transmitted resistance. The Cochran-Armitage trend test was used to identify trends in the proportions. Differences between groups were tested using the Wilcoxon rank sum or chi-square tests. Results: The annual proportions of rifampicin-resistant (RR), isoniazid-resistant (INH-R) and multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB cases did not change significantly in Songjiang. In Wusheng, however, the percentage of total TB cases that were RR decreased from 13.2% in 2009 to 3.7% in 2020, the INH-R cases decreased from 16.5% to 7.3%, and the MDR cases decreased from 10.7% to 3.7%. In retreated cases, the percentage of drug resistance decreased in both Songjiang and Wusheng, suggesting improved treatment programs. Transmitted resistance accounted for more than two thirds of drug-resistant cases over the entire study periods, and in recent years this proportion has increased significantly in Songjiang. Conclusion: In both urban Songjiang and rural Wusheng, drug-resistant TB is mostly the result of transmission of drug resistant strains and the percentage of transmitted resistance will likely increase with on-going improvements in the TB treatment programs. Reducing the prevalence of drug resistance depends principally upon decreasing transmission through the prompt diagnosis and effective treatment of drug-resistant TB cases.

Influence of humic acid on the bioaccumulation, elimination, and toxicity of PFOS and TBBPA co-exposure in Mytilus unguiculatus Valenciennes.

Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) are emerging contaminants which coexist in marine environments, posing significant risks to ecosystems and human health. The behavior of these contaminants in the presence of dissolved organic matter (DOM), specifically the co-contamination of TBBPA and PFOS, is not well understood. The bioaccumulation, distribution, elimination, and toxic effects of TBBPA and PFOS on thick-shell mussels (Mytilus unguiculatus V.), with the absence and presence of humic acid (HA), a typical DOM, were studied. The results showed that the uptake of TBBPA decreased and the uptake of PFOS increased when exposed to 1 mg/L HA. However, at higher concentrations of HA (5 and 25 mg/L), the opposite effect was observed. Combined exposure to HA, TBBPA, and PFOS resulted in oxidative stress in the digestive gland, with the severity of stress dependent on exposure time and HA dose. Histological analysis revealed a positive correlation between HA concentration and tissue damage caused by TBBPA and PFOS. This study provides insights into the influence of HA on the bioaccumulation-elimination patterns and toxicity of TBBPA and PFOS in marine bivalves, offering valuable data for ecological and health risk assessments of combined pollutants in aquatic environments rich in DOM.

Arginine methylation-dependent cGAS stability promotes non-small cell lung cancer cell proliferation.

Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), promotes non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell proliferation. However, the specific mechanisms of cGAS-mediated NSCLC cell proliferation are largely unknown. In this study, we found asymmetric dimethylation by protein arginine methyltransferase 1 (PRMT1) at R127 of cGAS. This facilitated the binding of deubiquitinase USP7 and contributed to deubiquitination and stabilization of cGAS. PRMT1-and USP7-dependent cGAS stability, which also played a pivotal role in accelerating NSCLC cell proliferation through activating AKT pathway. We validated that the expression of cGAS and PRMT1 were positive correlated in human non-small cell lung cancer samples. Our study demonstrates a unique mechanism for managing cGAS stability by arginine methylation and indicates that PRMT1-cGAS-USP7 axis is a potential therapeutic target for NSCLC.

Wireless facial biosensing system for monitoring facial palsy with flexible microneedle electrode arrays.

Facial palsy (FP) profoundly influences interpersonal communication and emotional expression, necessitating precise diagnostic and monitoring tools for optimal care. However, current electromyography (EMG) systems are limited by their bulky nature, complex setups, and dependence on skilled technicians. Here we report an innovative biosensing approach that utilizes a PEDOT:PSS-modified flexible microneedle electrode array (P-FMNEA) to overcome the limitations of existing EMG devices. Supple system-level mechanics ensure excellent conformality to the facial curvilinear regions, enabling the detection of targeted muscular ensemble movements for facial paralysis assessment. Moreover, our apparatus adeptly captures each electrical impulse in response to real-time direct nerve stimulation during neurosurgical procedures. The wireless conveyance of EMG signals to medical facilities via a server augments access to patient follow-up evaluation data, fostering prompt treatment suggestions and enabling the access of multiple facial EMG datasets during typical 6-month follow-ups. Furthermore, the device's soft mechanics alleviate issues of spatial intricacy, diminish pain, and minimize soft tissue hematomas associated with traditional needle electrode positioning. This groundbreaking biosensing strategy has the potential to transform FP management by providing an efficient, user-friendly, and less invasive alternative to the prevailing EMG devices. This pioneering technology enables more informed decision-making in FP-management and therapeutic intervention.

An Extensive-Form Game Paradigm for Visual Field Testing via Deep Reinforcement Learning.

Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible but preventable blindness worldwide, and visual field testing is an important tool for its diagnosis and monitoring. Testing using standard visual field thresholding procedures is time-consuming, and prolonged test duration leads to patient fatigue and decreased test reliability. Different visual field testing algorithms have been developed to shorten testing time while maintaining accuracy. However, the performance of these algorithms depends heavily on prior knowledge and manually crafted rules that determine the intensity of each light stimulus as well as the termination criteria, which is suboptimal. We leverage deep reinforcement learning to find improved decision strategies for visual field testing. In our proposed algorithms, multiple intelligent agents are employed to interact with the patient in an extensive-form game fashion, with each agent controlling the test on one of the testing locations in the patient's visual field. Through training, each agent learns an optimized policy that determines the intensities of light stimuli and the termination criteria, which minimizes the error in sensitivity estimation and test duration at the same time. In simulation experiments, we compare the performance of our algorithms against baseline visual field testing algorithms and show that our algorithms achieve a better trade-off between estimation accuracy and test duration. By retaining testing accuracy with reduced test duration, our algorithms improve test reliability, clinic efficiency, and patient satisfaction, and translationally affect clinical outcomes.

O-GlcNAc has crosstalk with ADP-ribosylation via PARG.

O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) glycosylation, a prevalent protein post-translational modification (PTM) that occurs intracellularly, has been shown to crosstalk with phosphorylation and ubiquitination. However, it is unclear whether it interplays with other PTMs. Here we studied its relationship with ADP-ribosylation, which involves decorating target proteins with the ADP-ribose moiety. We discovered that the poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation "eraser", ADP-ribose glycohydrolase (PARG), is O-GlcNAcylated at Ser26, which is in close proximity to its nuclear localization signal. O-GlcNAcylation of PARG promotes nuclear localization and chromatin association. Upon DNA damage, O-GlcNAcylation augments the recruitment of PARG to DNA damage sites and interacting with proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). In hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells, PARG O-GlcNAcylation enhances the poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of DNA damage-binding protein 1 (DDB1) and attenuates its auto-ubiquitination, thereby stabilizing DDB1 and allowing it to degrade its downstream targets, such as c-Myc. We further demonstrated that PARG-S26A, the O-GlcNAc-deficient mutant, promoted HCC in mouse xenograft models. Our findings thus reveal that PARG O-GlcNAcylation inhibits HCC, and we propose that O-GlcNAc glycosylation may crosstalk with many other PTMs.

Mitochondrion-NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages: A novel mechanism of the anti-inflammatory effect of Notopterygium in rheumatoid arthritis treatment.

OBJECTIVE: The mechanism by which Notopterygium (NE) regulates the nucleotide-binding, oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor family and pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome to treat rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was investigated to reveal the scientific implications of NE in RA treatment. METHODS: Adjuvant arthritis (AA) rats were replicated. After NE intervention, the anti-inflammatory efficacy of NE in vivo was determined. The mechanism of NE in RA treatment was predicted by network pharmacology, and the key target for further experiments was found through the analysis of Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). The effect of NE on the NLRP3 inflammasome in AA rats was verified. Furthermore, with the induction of inflammation in RAW264.7 cells by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), several techniques, such as Griess assay, enzyme linked immunosorbent assays, electron microscopy, and fluorescence probe technology, were used to investigate the anti-inflammatory and related mechanisms of NE in RA treatment. RESULTS: NE could inhibit inflammation in AA rats. KEGG results showed that NLRP3 participated in the top three pathways of NE in RA treatment. Through Western blotting and immunofluorescence assays, this study demonstrated that NE can regulate NLRP3, pro-Caspase-1, Caspase-1, and CD11b in the ankle joint of AA rats. NE may significantly reduce the LPS-induced inflammatory response of RAW264.7 cells by alleviating mitochondrial damage, reducing the number of mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic Acid and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation. CONCLUSION: The anti-inflammatory and antirheumatic effect of NE may involve regulating NLRP3 inflammasome activation through mitochondria. NLRP3 is probably the key target molecule of NE in the treatment of RA.

Long-term care status for the elderly with different levels of physical ability: a cross-sectional survey in first-tier cities of China.

BACKGROUND: Long term care (LTC) services for functionally impaired senior citizens are crucial for addressing the challenges of aging. However, research on eligibility criteria and coverage of LTC in China is lacking. Our objective is to assess the current status of LTC and explore eligibility criteria and coverage for the elderly. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study conducted in two first-tier cities in China. Residents aged 65 or over were recruited from a nursing home and four primary hospitals. Participants were divided into three groups (bedridden, domestic, and community), then six grades (grade one to six) according to the Longshi Scale, and their functional ability was assessed using the Modified Barthel Index. Information such as diseases, complications, and daily care needs were collected. Nursing staff were invited to indicate patients' needs for care. A one-way ANOVA test, Kruskal Wallis H test and Mann-Whitney U test were used to explore the differences of variables in three Longshi groups or Longshi grades. RESULTS: Among all 1157 participants, with an average age of 80.54, 69.3% were in the bedridden group. The most common diagnosis was stroke (71.4%), with the most prevalent complication being pulmonary infection (25.2%). In the nursing assessment, basic health care, disease care, activity care, complication prevention care and psychosocial care were summarized as the five main aspects of LTC for the elderly. Feeding, bathing, drinking, bowel management and bladder management were identified as the basic care which fulfills participants' basic physical needs in each Longshi group. Mouth care, artificial airway management, and body reposition, which can prevent immobility complications, were highly demanded by bedridden elderly. CONCLUSIONS: The elderly in grade one to three are the ones in need of LTC most. The content of LTC for elderly should include basic care which fulfills their basic physical needs and complication care which can prevent immobility complications. The evidence of this research may contribute to the design of LTC in China. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The study design was registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR-2000034067, Registered 22 Jun 2020, http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=54770 ).

ANGPTL2+cancer-associated fibroblasts and SPP1+macrophages are metastasis accelerators of colorectal cancer.

Background: Liver metastasis (LM) is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths in CRC patients, whereas the associated mechanisms have not yet been fully elucidated. Therefore, it is urgently needed to deeply explore novel metastasis accelerators and therapeutic targets of LM-CRC. Methods: The bulk RNA sequencing data and clinicopathological information of CRC patients were enrolled from the TCGA and GEO databases. The single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) datasets of CRC were collected from and analyzed in the Tumor Immune Single-cell Hub (TISCH) database. The infiltration levels of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and macrophages in CRC tissues were estimated by multiple immune deconvolution algorithms. The prognostic values of genes were identified by the Kaplan-Meier curve with a log-rank test. GSEA analysis was carried out to annotate the significantly enriched gene sets. The biological functions of cells were experimentally verified. Results: In the present study, hundreds of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were selected in LM-CRC compared to primary CRC, and these DEGs were significantly associated with the regulation of endopeptidase activity, blood coagulation, and metabolic processes. Then, SPP1, CAV1, ANGPTL2, and COLEC11 were identified as the characteristic DEGs of LM-CRC, and higher expression levels of SPP1 and ANGPTL2 were significantly associated with worse clinical outcomes of CRC patients. In addition, ANGPTL2 and SPP1 mainly distributed in the tumor microenvironment (TME) of CRC tissues. Subsequent scRNA-seq analysis demonstrated that ANGPTL2 and SPP1 were markedly enriched in the CAFs and macrophages of CRC tissues, respectively. Moreover, we identified the significantly enriched gene sets in LM-CRC, especially those in the SPP1+macrophages and ANGPTL2+CAFs, such as the HALLMARK_EPITHELIAL_MESENCHYMAL_TRANSITION and the HALLMARK_COMPLEMENT. Finally, our in vitro experiments proved that ANGPTL2+CAFs and SPP1+macrophages promote the metastasis of CRC cells. Conclusion: Our study selected four characteristic genes of LM-CRC and identified ANGPTL2+CAFs and SPP1+macrophages subtypes as metastasis accelerators of CRC which provided a potential therapeutic target for LM-CRC.

Inhibition of EZH2 alleviates SAHA-induced senescence-associated secretion phenotype in small cell lung cancer cells.

Chemotherapy has been widely used in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) treatment in the past decades. However, SCLC is easy to recur after chemotherapy. The senescence of cancer cells during chemotherapy is one of the effective therapeutic strategies to inhibit the progression of cancer. Nevertheless, the senescence-associated secretion phenotype (SASP) promotes chronic inflammation of the cancer microenvironment and further accelerates the progression of tumors. Therefore, inducing the senescence of cancer cells and inhibiting the production of SASP factors during anticancer treatment have become effective therapeutic strategies to improve the anticancer effect of drugs. Here we reported that SCLC cells treated with an FDA-approved HDAC inhibitor SAHA underwent senescence and displayed remarkable SASP. In particular, SAHA promoted the formation of cytoplasmic chromatin fragments (CCFs) in SCLC cells. The increased CCFs in SAHA-treated SCLC cells were related to nuclear porin Tpr, which activated the cGAS-STING pathway, and promoted the secretion of SASP in cancer cells. Inhibition of EZH2 suppressed the increase of CCFs in SAHA-treated SCLC cells, weakened the production of SASP, and increased the antiproliferative effect of SAHA. Overall, our work affords new insight into the secretion of SASP in SCLC and establishes a foundation for constructing a new therapeutic strategy for SCLC patients.

Incidence and temporal trends in type 2 diabetes by weight status: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.

Background: Diabetes is more prevalent among overweight/obese individuals, but has become a significant public health challenge among normal weight populations. In this meta-analysis, we aimed to estimate diabetes/prediabetes incidence and its temporal trends by weight status. Methods: PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library were searched until 8 December 2021. Prospective cohort studies reporting diabetes incidence by baseline body mass index (BMI) categories in adults were included. The median year of data collection was used to assess the temporal trends. Subgroup analyses and meta-regression were also performed. Results: We included 94 studies involving 3.4 million adults from 22 countries. The pooled diabetes incidence in underweight, normal-weight, and overweight/obese adults was 4.5 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.8-7.3), 2.7 (95% CI = 2.2-3.3), and 10.5 (95% CI = 9.3-11.8) per 1000 person-years, respectively. The diabetes incidence in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) was higher than in high-income countries among normal-weight (5.8 vs 2.0 per 1000 person-years) or overweight/obese (15.9 vs 8.9 per 1000 person-years) adults. European and American regions had a higher diabetes incidence than the non-Western areas, regardless of weight status. Underweight diabetes incidence decreased significantly from 1995-2000 to 2005-2010. Diabetes incidence in normal-weight populations has increased continuously since 1985 by an estimated 36% every five years. In overweight/obese adults, diabetes incidence increased between 1985-1990 and 1995-2000, stabilised between 2000 and 2010, and spiked suddenly after 2010. Conclusions: Diabetes incidence and its temporal trends differed by weight status. The continuous upward trend of diabetes incidence among overweight/obese individuals requires urgent attention, particularly in LMICs. Furthermore, diabetes among normal-weight individuals is becoming a significant public health problem. Registration: PROSPERO (CRD42020215957).

Integrated analysis of single cell and bulk RNA sequencing identifies CTHRC1+ INHBA+ CAF as drivers of colorectal cancer progression.

Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are a key component of the tumor microenvironment and a critical factor in the progression of colorectal cancer (CRC). The aim of this study was to screen for CAFs specific genes that could serve as promising therapeutic targets for CRC patients. Our findings showed a significant increase in the proportion of fibroblasts in CRC tissues, and a high proportion of fibroblasts was associated with immune escape and poor prognosis in CRC. Collagen triple helix repeat containing 1 (CTHRC1) and inhibin subunit beta A (INHBA) were identified as key genes in the progression of CRC, primarily expressed in CAFs and significantly upregulated in CRC tissues. We defined CTHRC1 and INHBA as cancer-associated fibroblast-related genes (CAFRGs), which were associated with poor prognosis in CRC and macrophage polarization. CAFRGs promoted immune escape and metastasis in CRC and were good predictors of immune therapy response. Drug sensitivity analysis showed that the high expression group of CAFRGs was sensitive to 15 chemotherapy drugs, while the low expression group was sensitive to only 3. Clustering of fibroblasts in the tumor revealed that CTHRC1+ INHBA+ CAF was a poor prognostic factor in CRC and was associated with extracellular matrix remodeling and immune regulation. In conclusion, our study provides new theoretical basis for effective treatment strategies and therapeutic targets for CRC.

Optical Coherence Tomography: Imaging Visual System Structures in Mice.

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) enables micron-scale resolution of structural anatomy, thereby making OCT a valuable tool for addressing ophthalmologic and neurologic inquiries. Although the murine eye and its structures are very small and offers challenges for OCT imaging, OCT can be used to monitor retinal layer thickness in healthy and diseased retinas in murine lines in vivo longitudinally. Thus, OCT can provide insights into disease severity and treatment efficacy. This chapter describes the use of OCT as a powerful non-invasive imaging technology for high-resolution retinal imaging and retinal thickness quantification in rodents.

Confocal Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy to Image Retinal Ganglion Cells in Real-Time.

Real-time imaging of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) provides an opportunity for detailed investigation of retinal development, disease mechanisms, and the evaluation of interventions affecting ocular structures. Here we use a transgenic model to describe a step-by-step protocol for visualizing RGC survival in real-time by using confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (cSLO).

Validation of the Longshi scale in assessment of function in patients from different economic, educational and regional backgrounds in China.

OBJECTIVE: This study validates performance of the Longshi scale against modified Barthel index in assessment of function in patients from different economic, educational and regional backgrounds in China. DESIGN: This is a cross-sectional study. SETTING: One hundred and three hospitals and rehabilitation institutions across China. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 14,752 patients with physical and cognitive impairments were enrolled and classified to five educational levels and five family income levels; 8060 participants were further selected from five regions to study regional influences. MAIN MEASURES: Activities of daily living were assessed with two evaluation tools, the Longshi scale and modified Barthel index. Results of evaluation with Longshi scale performed by non-healthcare workers were validated against modified Barthel index performed by healthcare workers using Pearson's correlation test. RESULTS: There were significant positive correlations between the findings of the Longshi scale administered by non-healthcare professionals and the modified Barthel index administered by healthcare professionals. This was true for level of education (correlations ranged from 0.697 to 0.822), family income level (correlations ranged from 0.724 to 0.761) and region (correlations ranged from 0.737 to 0.776). CONCLUSION: In a large dataset of 14,752 patients, positive correlations were found between Longshi scale and modified Barthel index measures of function. Positive correlations persisted across subgroup analysis of groups from different social, economic and regional backgrounds, and with administration by non-healthcare professionals. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: ChiCTR2000034067, www.chictr.org.cn.

Slow-Coagulation Transscleral Cyclophotocoagulation Laser Treatment for Medically Uncontrolled Secondary Aphakic Adult Glaucoma.

PRCIS: Slow-coagulation CW-TSCPC is an efficacious, relatively safe, and non-incisional laser treatment option as an initial surgical glaucoma management choice, in secondary aphakic adult glaucoma that is medically uncontrolled. PURPOSE: This study evaluates the outcomes of slow-coagulation continuous wave transscleral cyclophotocoagulation (CW-TSCPC) laser for treating secondary aphakic adult glaucoma after complicated cataract surgery as a primary surgical intervention. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective chart review of adult aphakic eyes with medically uncontrolled glaucoma underwent slow-coagulation CW-TSCPC as a primary surgical glaucoma intervention was performed. Surgical success was the primary outcome measure. Success was defined as postoperative intraocular pressure (IOP) between 6 and 21 mm Hg with ≥20% reduction compared with baseline and no need for further glaucoma surgeries or development of vision-threatening complications. The secondary outcomes included changes in IOP, glaucoma medication numbers, visual acuity, and postoperative complications during the first year after laser treatment after laser treatment. RESULTS: This study included 41 eyes of 41 patients. The mean age of study participants was 66.7±13.1 years, with a mean follow-up duration of 19±3.5 months. At one year, the success rate was 63.4%. A statistically significant reduction of the IOP was observed, with the mean IOP decreasing from 29.6±5.8 mm Hg with a mean of 3.9±1.0 medications at baseline to a mean of 19.0±6.4 mm Hg with a mean of 2.5±1.2 medications at 12 months ( P <0.001). Four eyes received CW-TSCPC retreatment, and 2 eyes required incisional glaucoma surgeries. Reported postoperative complications included: visual acuity decline ≥2 lines in 7 eyes, iritis in 6 eyes, hyphema in 5 eyes, cystoid macular edema in 2 eyes, and transient hypotony in 1 eye. CONCLUSION: Slow-coagulation CW-TSCPC is an efficacious, relatively safe, and non-incisional laser treatment option as an initial surgical glaucoma management choice, in secondary aphakic adult glaucoma that is medically uncontrolled.

[PyRERT: Python Research Environment for Radiation Therapy].

OBJECTIVE: The Python research environment for radiation therapy (PyRERT) is a set of business software for hospital physicists to conduct radiation therapy research. METHODS: Choose the open source Enthought Tool Suite（ETS） as the core external dependency library of PyRERT. PyRERT is divided into base layer, content layer and interaction layer, and each layer is composed of different functional modules. RESULTS: PyRERT V1.0 provide a good development environment for scientific research programming in DICOM RT file processing, batch processing of water tank scan data, digital phantom creation, 3D medical image volume visualization, virtual radiotherapy equipment driver, and film scan image analysis. CONCLUSIONS: PyRERT enables the results of the research group to be iteratively inherited in the form of software. It's reusable basic classes and functional modules greatly improve the efficiency of scientific research task programming.